Muhammad Yusuf was born in Gowa in South Sulawesi on July 13, 1627. His father was Abdullah, while his mother was a woman from a family of the Gowa Kingdom Sultan Ala'uddin named Aminah. The name of Muhammad Yusuf was given by Sultan Ala'uddin himself.

The Sultanate of Gowa is one of the Islamic empires located in South Sulawesi. The people of this kingdom are from the Makassar tribe  staying in the south end and the west coast of Sulawesi. The kingdom is located in the area which is now known as Gowa and some surrounding regencies, including Makassar Municipality.

In every time ahead of the coming of the fasting "Ramadhan" month, Idul Fitri and Idul Adha, Muslims especially in the country have most of the time been in dissention oipinion in determining the fall of their date. Nevertheless there have no been many ulema (crerics) devoting themselves in the field of Islamic astrology (ilmul falak). One of the noted senior ulema is KH Nur Ahmad from Jepara, Central Java. When KH Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) served as general chairman of the Central Board of Nahdlatul Ulama (PBNU), KH Nur  Ahmad was the man representing Central Java and involved in the Lajnah Falakiyah (Committee of Astrology) of PBNU.

Nur Ahmad was born in Robayan, Jepara in 1930 and started his study in his own hometown before continuing his study at the Taswiquth Thullab Islamic Junior High School (MTs) in Kudus. As long as studying at the MTs he was not recognized as a brilliant and outstanding student. But in this educational institution Nur Ahmad started to introduce the subject of astrology and was personally under the supervision of a prominent ulema KH Turaichan (Kudus) by using what locally called as rubu' (such a quarter-circle tool for measuring) and the method of logarithm. Nur Ahmad whose a great interest in math was personally taught by KH Turaichan in dealing with a

Buginese people have dominated in South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and  Central Sulawesi. Even the Bugis tribe has also spread to regions across the  country (Nusantara). In the Buginese tradition, the Anregurutte title is like the  title of Professor in the academic world. If people outside South Sulawesi  hear one naming Anregurutta to a figure, the figure is categorized as a  respected ulema. Anregurutta has a high social status and respected position  in the eyes of Buginese.

The giving of the Anregurutta title is not an academic degree award. Rather, it  is such a recognition from people over his broad knowledge, devotion and  services in preaching Islamic teachings. Not all teaching religious subjects  are called Anregurutta. It is once again based on his broad of knowledge. In  addition, the Buginese people have also believed in miracle acts possessed  by those who are called as Anregurutta in which the miracle acts called  makarama in Buginese language.

He was born in Bone, South Sulawesi in 1908 (1325 H) as a son of H Masalah and Hj. Aminah. He was brought up and grown up in a very strong religious culture. Because of being from a religious family, he first studied religious sciences from his nearest family members, namely his two beloved parents.

He spent a lot of time studying from prominent ulema in his hometown such as KH Abdul Rasyid and KH Abdul Hamid (Qadhi Bone). In addition, he also spent his chilhood in a formal education so-called as People's School (SR).

Behind every important historical event, there are important names. The names who become popular and make certain figures as idols and examples in the future. These names are called as personage afterwards. Some of them are even legendary and exist until some generations.

However, not all the names involved in every important event become important names which always being chanted by the public hereafter. Behind the establishment of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), there were prominent names that later became legendary and memorized until some generations. But, of course, there were names who played important role in the process of NU establishment and still became low-profile and populist names. They remain the names who did not make them apart from their birthplace. One of the names still got closed with people, still a name of ordinary person, was KH. Abdul Chalim bin Kedung, Leuwimunding Majalengka.

The development of Islam in Indonesia cannot be separated from the role of religious leaders and ulema in disseminating their teachings in regions throughout the country. So far West Sumatra has been one of regions whose big contribution in producing prominent ulema like Sheikh Sulaiman ar-Rasuli al-Minangkabawi.

Sheikh Sulaiman was born in Candung located approximately 10 kilometers from eastern of Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, 1287 H/1871 and died on 29 Jumadil Awwal 1390H/1 August 1970. He was one of senior figures whose perseverance in advocating Syafi’i school of thought (madzhab). He was popularly named as “Inyik Candung”. His father, Angku Mudo Muhammad Rasul, was an ulema

Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari (1710-1812) is a fiqh cleric basing his lines of thought on Imam Syafi’ie. He coming from Martapura, Tanah Banjar (Banjar Soultanate) is the author of Sabilul Muhtadin. His masterpiece has so far been a reference of Fiqh in Southeast Asia.

He was born in Lok Gabang village on Thursday, 15 Safar 1122 H/19 March 1710 as the first son of Abdullah and Siti Aminah. His full name is Shekh Muhammad Arsyad bin Abdullah bin Abdur Rahman al-Banjari bin Saiyid Abdullah al-Aidrus bin Saiyid Abu Bakar as-Sakran bin Saiyid Abdur Rahman as-Saqaf bin Saiyid Muhammad Maula ad-Dawilah al-Aidrus till to Saiyidina Ali bin Abi Thalib and Saiyidatina Fatimah binti Prophet Muhammad (PBUH

The north coast (pantura) of East Java is a coastal area which stretches from Tuban’s coastal line that borders on Central Java and ends at Surabaya’s coast. Next coastal line, from Surabaya to south ending at Banywangi’s coast is called as “Tapal Kuda” region. The two regions have similarly been inhabited by most Muslim communities.

Since the coming of Islam in Java island there have been many Islamic boarding schools (pesantren). Inhabitants have become accustomed to religious life and open-minded. The scene could be traced through social and psychological condition in Paciran, Lamongan East Java where his excellencies the caretaker of Pesantren Tarbiyatut Thalabah KH Muhammad Baqir Adelan was born.

The calendar is a measuring means mostly understood by people to determine events surrounding them. For Indonesian people have just recognized two kinds of calendar, namely Qomariyah (lunar calendar) and Syamsiyah (solar calendar), so it is little bit difficult to synchronize the two calendars.

The difficulty is sometimes based on the fact that the lunar system has two methods of determining, namely hisab (astrological calculation) and rukyat (the sighting of the new moon/hilal). On account of the Islamic calendar is based on the lunar system, so most religious events can be determined based on the lunar system. Whereas the results of the two systems have some of the time been different.